34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire Sultan 2. Abdülhamid Han
Sultan Abdülhamid, who was on the throne during the most difficult periods of the Ottoman Empire, led the state with great skill for 33 years by pursuing a smart policy especially in foreign policy.
Sultan Abdülhamid, who was on the throne during the most difficult periods of the Ottoman Empire, led the state with great skill for 33 years by pursuing a smart policy especially in foreign policy. Abdülhamid, whose father is Sultan Abdülmecid and his mother is Tirimüjgan Kadınefendi, was born on September 21, 1842. Sultan Abdülmecid, father of Abdülhamid, whose mother died of tuberculosis when he was only 10 years old, died in 1861 when he was only 38 years old. Abdulhamid received training in Persian, Arabic, French, music, history and other fields from private teachers. He was taken to Egypt and Europe by his uncle, Sultan Abdulaziz, who took him under his protection. Abdulhamid II ascended the throne on 31 August 1876 after the statesmen and administrators who wanted to establish a constitutional administration deposed Sultan Abdulaziz and Murad the 5th. After a short while, on December 23, 1876, the first constitution of the Ottoman Empire, Kanun-i Esasi was declared. When Sultan Abdulhamid II ascended the throne, he faced many problems outside. At the London Conference, when the London Protocol, which included the proposals of the Russians, was discussed and rejected in the parliament at the request of Sultan Abdulhamid II, Russia officially declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 24 April 1877 (93 War). The successes of Gazi Osman Pasha in Pleven and Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Pasha in the east could not stop the general course of the war, and the Turkish armies began to withdraw from the fronts. After them, tens of thousands of Muslim-Turkish refugees migrated to Istanbul and Anatolia. Sultan Abdulhamid II, who disagreed with the parliament, suspended the Parliament for an indefinite period on February 13, 1878, based on the authority given to him by the constitution, but made no declaration that he renounced constitutionalism and the constitution.
LIVED A SIMPLE LIFE AWAY FROM THE PALACE LIFE
During his reign, Sultan Abdulhamid II made sacrifices from his own sac. He cut the expenses of the palace to the maximum. He lived a simple life away from the palace life. Sultan Abdulhamid II gave priority to clearing the foreign debts he took over from the previous sultans in the economic field. An agreement was signed with representatives of the European creditors on December 20, 1881. With this agreement called the Muharrem Decree, the creditor countries were given the privilege to establish Düyun-u Umumiye to collect certain state revenues. Thus, debts were significantly reduced. Abdulhamid II, who tried to strengthen his ties with the Islamic world and made this a fundamental policy, extended the Haydarpaşa-Izmit railway line to Ankara in 1888 with the financial support he received from Germany. In 1902, he agreed with the Germans for the construction of the line that would connect Ankara with Baghdad.
IMPORTANT STEPS HAVE BEEN TAKEN IN THE FIELD OF EDUCATION
During the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II, important steps were taken in the fields of education, public works and agriculture. Between the years of 1876-1908, the number of primary schools was increased from 200 to 4-5 thousand, junior schools to 10 thousand, junior high schools from 250 to 600, high school students from 5 to 104, and the number of today's high school, Darülmuallim, to 32. In addition, he opened many vocational colleges in agriculture, finance, law, baytar, trade, agriculture and many more. Thus, Western-style primary and secondary education spread throughout the country under the supervision and hands of the state. The real diversification of sports branches, turning it into a social entertainment culture and learning about them in scientific terms also took place during the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid II. In addition, the three biggest teams of Turkish football, Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray and Beşiktaş, were also established during the reign of Sultan Abdülhamid. 2. Abdulhamid also prepared a very valuable collection of albums containing important photographs of various cities of the empire, especially Istanbul. Haydarpaşa Medicine and Şişli Etfal Hospital, which he built with his own money, and Darülaceze, where he met some of his expenses from his personal pocket, were among the important steps he took in the fields of health and social assistance. Police organization was reorganized according to Western examples. After the events in the Balkans, Turkish officers forced the sultan to declare Kanun-i Esasi. Abdulhamid II declared that he put the constitution into force again on 23 July 1908. II. This event, called the Constitutional Monarchy, accelerated the dissolution of the empire contrary to expectations. The Austro-Hungarian Empire invaded Bosnia-Herzegovina on October 5, 1908, to prevent it from being sent to the Ottoman Parliament. On the same day, Bulgaria declared its independence. A day later, Crete announced that it was united with Greece. According to the old calendar, an uprising broke out in Istanbul on 31 March (13 April 1909). The events in Istanbul continued bloody 11 days. The uprising was suppressed after the Army of Action from Thessaloniki entered Istanbul on the night of April 23-24, 1909. Abdulhamid II refused to accept the proposals made to oppose the loyal First Army and the Army of Action, saying that he was the caliph of the Muslims and that he could not break the Muslim against the Muslim.
SHE PASSED AWAY ON SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 1918
On April 27, 1909, the Meclis-i Umumi-i Milli, headed by Said Pasha, decided to end the caliphate and sultanate of Abdulhamid II. The parliamentary delegation consisting of a Turkish, an Armenian, a Jew and an Albanian went to Yıldız Palace and notified Abdulhamid that he was dethroned. Sultan Abdulhamid II was sent to Thessaloniki the night he was deposed. Abdülhamid II, who was taken out of Yıldız Palace at midnight with only a few suitcases, was taken to Thessaloniki by a special train from Sirkeci with 38 family members and entourage members. Abdülhamid, who was placed in Alatini Mansion in Thessaloniki, spent his time there as a carpenter and blacksmith. When the enemy forces approached Thessaloniki, it was decided to transfer Abdulhamid II to Istanbul and was brought to Beylerbeyi Palace on 1 November 1912. He spent the last years of his life here. The funeral of Abdulhamid II, who passed away on Sunday, February 10, 1918, was held at the Divanyolu II with a special ceremony on the day after his death with the will of Sultan Reşad. He was buried in Mahmud Tomb.
